How can students build a portfolio if they do not have access to expensive software or equipment ?

Many useful beginner projects can be completed using free programming tools, public datasets, open-source software, and a personal computer. For example, students can build a Python data analysis project, develop a basic website, or create a dashboard using available tools. Robotics projects can begin with simulations before moving to physical hardware. Focus on documenting the problem, your approach, the results, and what you learned.